Enhancing global thinking can reduce the misconception of accumulation: A potential way to mitigate climate change.

Climate change and global warming have long been attention and concern all over the world. However, there is always a debate about when and to what degree to take action like reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Recently, researchers found that the public has misconceptions about climate dynamics, which might be a reason for people do not support prompt mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The core problem of misconceptions is the stock-flow (SF) problem, which refers to the difficulty of inferring the behavior of a stock variable given information regarding its inflows and outflows. We elaborated on the idea that global thinking is beneficial for comprehending SF problems and proposed that global thinking enhancing display based on highlighting the areas of difference could be a possible way to shift one's thinking process to the right one, which was proved by two studies. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Thinking process templates for constructing data stories with SCDNEY.

Background: Globally, scientists now have the ability to generate a vast amount of high throughput biomedical data that carry critical information for important clinical and public health applications. This data revolution in biology is now creating a plethora of new single-cell datasets. Concurrently, there have been significant methodological advances in single-cell research. Integrating these two resources, creating tailor-made, efficient, and purpose-specific data analysis approaches can assist in accelerating scientific discovery. Methods: We developed a series of living workshops for building data stories, using Single-cell data integrative analysis (scdney). scdney is a wrapper package with a collection of single-cell analysis R packages incorporating data integration, cell type annotation, higher order testing and more. Results: Here, we illustrate two specific workshops. The first workshop examines how to characterise the identity and/or state of cells and the relationship between them, known as phenotyping. The second workshop focuses on extracting higher-order features from cells to predict disease progression. Conclusions: Through these workshops, we not only showcase current solutions, but also highlight critical thinking points. In particular, we highlight the Thinking Process Template that provides a structured framework for the decision-making process behind such single-cell analyses. Furthermore, our workshop will incorporate dynamic contributions from the community in a collaborative learning approach, thus the term 'living'.

Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drugs and avoiding dispensing errors. METHODS: We prepared verification slides and projected them on a large screen. Each slide comprised a drug rack area and a prescription area; the former consisted of a grid-like layout with 55 drugs and the latter displayed dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location number, and total amount). Twelve pharmacists participated in the study, and three single-type drugs and six double-type drugs were used as target drugs. We analyzed the pharmacists' method of identifying the target drugs, the mechanisms by which errors occurred, and the usefulness of drug photographs using the error-induction (-) /photo (+), error-induction (+) / (+), and error-induction (+) /photo (-) models. RESULTS: Visual invasion by non-target drugs was found to have an effect on the subsequent occurrence of dispensing errors. In addition, when using error-induction models, the rate of dispensing error was 2.8 and 11.1% for the photo (+) and photo (-) models, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of eight pharmacists who dispensed drugs without errors, it was clear that additional confirmation of "drug name" was required to accurately identify the target drug in the photo (+) model; additionally, that of "location number" was required to pinpoint directly the position of target drug in the photo (-) model. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the gaze movements of pharmacists using the eye-tracking method, we clarified pharmacists' thinking process which was required to avoid dispensing errors in a complicated environment and proved the usefulness of drug photographs in terms of both reducing the complexity of the dispensing process and the risk of dispensing errors. Effective measures to prevent dispensing errors include ensuring non-adjacent placement of double-type drugs and utilization of their image information.

Monkey Prefrontal Single-Unit Activity Reflecting Category-Based Logical Thinking Process and Its Neural Network Model.

Category-based thinking is a fundamental form of logical thinking. Here, we aimed to investigate its neural process at the local circuit level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We recorded single-unit PFC activity while male monkeys (Macaca fuscata) performed a task in which the category and rule were prerequisites of logical thinking and the outcome contingency was its consequence. Different groups of neurons coded a single type of information discretely or multiple types in a transitional form. Results of time-by-time analysis of neuronal activity suggest an information flow from category-coding and rule-coding neurons to transitional intermediate neurons, and then to contingency-coding neurons. Category-coding, rule-coding, and contingency-coding neurons showed stable coding of information, whereas intermediate neurons showed dynamic coding, as if it integrated category and rule to derive contingency. A similar process was confirmed by using a spiking neural network model that consisted of subnetworks coding category and rule on the input layer and those coding contingency on the output layer, with a subnetwork for integration in the intermediate layer. These results suggest that category-based logical thinking is realized in the PFC by separated neural populations organized for working in a feedforward manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To elucidate the neural process for logical thinking, we combined an in-depth analysis of single-unit activity data with a biologically plausible computational model. Results of time-by-time analysis of prefrontal neuronal activity suggest an information flow from category-coding and rule-coding neurons to transitional intermediate neurons, and then to contingency-coding neurons. Category-coding, rule-coding, and contingency-coding neurons showed stable coding, whereas intermediate neurons showed dynamic coding, as if they integrated category and rule to derive contingency. A spiking neural network model reproduced similar temporal changes of information as the recorded neuronal data. Our results suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critically involved in category-based thought process, and this process may be produced by separated neural populations organized for working in a feedforward manner.

Current Concepts for Reconstruction of Oral Tissues Following Ablative Surgery: A Comprehensive Approach.

Appropriate concepts of reconstruction can eliminate contraindications, reduce the incidence of complications, increase the success rates, and promote the outcomes. Besides, appropriate concepts can also help economical use of expensive technology or assistant tools on the patients who are necessary and beneficial. This paper provides a comprehensive approach to select reconstructive methods for oral defects following ablative surgery. A comprehensive approach should have a thorough understanding of the reconstructive goals, the patient's information, the surgeon's ability, and the hospital's support. To achieve a basic structural and functional restoration of oral cavity, "reconstruction ladder" could be skipped to free flap transfer. Goal-oriented thinking process with rethinking the feasibility assessment can help the surgeon to find the most appropriate method of reconstruction. Appropriate methods can mostly achieve the above-average results and rarely lead to inadequate results. Current concepts for reconstruction of oral tissue are the balance between maximal outcome and minimal complication, maximal accuracy and minimal cost, maximal efficacy and minimal investment. A comprehensive approach to select flap, a reliable method to harvest flap, and a customized flap design/inset are keystones to achieve a relatively better outcome. The awesome of limitations from the surgeon's ability, hospital's support, and the patient's condition can minimize the complications.

Del aula al laboratorio, tres mujeres científicas en la historia de la psicología argentina / Da sala de aula ao laboratório, três mulheres cientistas na história da psicologia argentina / From the classroom to the laboratory, three women scientists in the history of Argentinian Psychology

Se describe la integración de tres mujeres argentinas a la carrera científica durante la década de 1960 desde sus estudios doctorales en un laboratorio extranjero. Se analizan los auspicios personales y los apoyos en políticas públicas que les otorgaron oportunidades para producir y gestionar ciencia. Se trata de Hermelinda Fogliatto, Rosalía Paiva y Ana María Insúa quienes comenzaron su actividad profesional en el ámbito educativo accediendo a la Psicología. Cuando en el país no existía tradición de promover doctorados en esa disciplina, ellas lo lograron en el Laboratorio de Psicometría de la Universidad de Loyola (Chicago) bajo la dirección de Horacio Rimoldi, quien las impulsó en su carrera. Desde modelos factoriales, condujeron investigaciones sobre procesos de pensamiento para la resolución de problemas que se convirtieron en referencia internacional. Las tres mujeres se desempeñaron en instituciones de Estados Unidos con financiamiento de agencias oficiales de salud y educación. Dos de ellas regresaron a Argentina donde ingresaron al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Se discute el rol de dicha institución en la promoción de la investigación en psicología, el lugar de la misma en las carreras universitarias y su incidencia en el perfil de psicólogo.(AU)

O processo de integração de três mulheres argentinas na carreira científica é descrito a partir do momento em que eles obtiveram um doutorado em psicologia enquanto estavam trabalhando em um laboratório estrangeiro durante a década de 1960. A trajetória de Hermelinda Fogliatto, Rosalía Paiva e Ana María Insúa é retratada revelando sua chegada da educação ao campo da psicologia. Enquanto não havia tradição de promover o doutorado em psicologia na Argentina, eles conseguiram nesse objetivo sob a direção de Horacio Rimoldi no Laboratório Psicométrico da Universidade de Loyola (Chicago), que as encorajou em suas carreiras. Eles realizaram pesquisas sobre o processo de pensamento para resolução de problemas, com o modelo fatorial, consideradas como referência internacional. Trabalharam para organizações apoiadas pelas agências de Saúde e Educação dos Estados Unidos. Duas delas retornaram à Argentina onde trabalharam para o Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Discute-se o papel desta instituição na promoção da pesquisa psicológica bem como o lugar da pesquisa no treinamento e perfil dos psicólogos.(AU)

The integration of three Argentine women in the scientific career is described from the time they obtained a PhD in Psychology while working at a foreign laboratory in the 60's. The auspices under which they were integrated in the scientific career and the public policies which supported them are analyzed to understand how they took advantage from the opportunities they had to produce and manage science. The paths of Hermelinda Fogliatto, Rosalía Paiva and Ana María Insúa are portrayed revealing their arrival from education to the field of psychology. While there was no tradition of promoting PHDs on psychology in Argentina, they achieved this goal at the Psychometric Laboratory of Loyola University (Chicago) under the direction of Horacio Rimoldi, who encouraged their careers. Applying factorial models, they conducted research on the thinking process for problem solving, which was considered work of international reference. These women worked for organizations supported by Health and Education agencies of the United States. Two of them returned to Argentina where they worked for the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research. The role of this institution for the promotion of psychology research is discussed, as well as the place research had in psychologists training and profiles.(AU)

The Study of Nursing NAVI.

We have examined the nurses' thinking process in their professional judgment and action in the Partogram of 170 labors by 17 Midwifery students in 2 years.